Philosophical Hobbes Intentions

Political debates and thoughts have been inevitable both in the past and in the present. Out of these debates, hundreds of philosophical thinkers have emerged. Among these philosophers are Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Locke, Karl Marx, Machiavelli, and Thomas Hobbes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Philosophical Hobbes’ Intentions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These philosophers have explored the nature and character of political activities. As depicted in these philosophers’ studies, political thoughts aim at tackling issues related to political life. As such, political thoughts focus on several social issues such as social standards, moral codes, and principles. This paper focuses on Hobbes’ intentions. Initially, the paper will draw attention to Hobbes’ intentions as a means of putting moral and political philosophy onto scientific basis. Secondly, the paper will focus on Hobbesà ¢â‚¬â„¢ intentions as a means of establishing civic peace and disposing of humankind toward fulfilling their civic duty. Thomas Hobbes was born in the year 1588 in Malnesbury (Morgan 576). To date, the English philosopher has become famous for his contribution to the social contract theory. On the other hand, the philosopher became infamous for asserting that individuals should surrender to the authority of total sovereign power. His contributions have influenced the advancement of political philosophy and the expansion of additional logical philosophical positions. His contributions towards moral philosophy have not been influential compared to his contributions towards political philosophy. Notably, his theories of moral philosophy have been ambiguous to most individuals. This ambiguity results from the discrepancies that emerge when analyzing the application of his laws of nature. Hobbes’ intentions as a means of putting moral and political philosophy onto scientific basis Before the 17th century, moral philosophy and political philosophy were thought to be independent of natural sciences. It was believed that the two fields of philosophy were not related to any natural science but rather on human experiences. However, after reading through Hobbes’s works it became apparent that the philosopher intended to put moral and political philosophy onto scientific basis. Through our everyday activities, we discover the principles of the two fields of psychology. Equally, I noted that proofs in political philosophy are related to the proofs exhibited in the natural sciences. In this regard, it is clear that Hobbes’s intentions were towards putting moral and political philosophy onto scientific basis.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In his works, the philosopher believes that moral philosophy is part of motion of science. Through this argument, th e philosopher states that moral philosophy studies motions of the mind just in the same way physics focuses on activity of physical entities. I believe that through this argument, the philosopher was trying to substantiate the validity of his moral principles from a scientific basis. It is true that our minds exist in different states such as jealousy, greed, and self-centeredness. By relating these changes to the science of motion, the philosopher managed to associate moral philosophy with sciences of motion. In his analysis of moral philosophy, the philosopher emphasizes that political philosophy is all about the study of persons and motion of their parts. According to Leviathan, the philosopher claims that the motions of external physical objects have an effect on our sense organs (Morgan 580). Through this theory, he claims that our mental experiences resulting from these effects. Hobbes characterized these effects as appetites and aversions. As such, an appetite is described as an undertaking that causes an individual to search for a specific entity. On the contrary, an aversion is an undertaking that causes an individual to keep away from a particular entity. In addition, I believe that Hobbes intended to put moral and political philosophy onto the scientific basis to attain knowledge and to illustrate his findings to others. Before him, philosophy never drew conclusions based on scientific facts but rather on everyday experiences. Being a pioneer, Hobbes exploited is scientific knowledge about coming up with philosophical conclusions. Similarly, after analyzing his work I believe that Hobbes achievements in political philosophy became a success because of him putting this field of philosophy onto scientific methods. In agreement with these methods, he referred to as resolutive-compositive, I believe that the philosopher was able to affirm all disputable conception of politics as political facts. Through scientific knowledge, the philosopher was able to reduce these disputes into elements. Thereafter, the philosopher reconstructed these disputes. For instance, he was able to break the commonwealth into its primary parts in the same way the motion of the mind was done (Morgan 582). Thereafter, he was able to reconstruct commonwealth by allowing it to be in its original state prior to its formation. By studying the behavior of individuals in this state, the philosopher was able to identify the causes of the commonwealth. Similarly, through this approach, he was able to affirm that moral philosophy was part of physics. Similarly, I believe that through this approach, the philosopher was able to come up with basic ethical principles that enabled us to deduce philosophical conclusions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Philosophical Hobbes’ Intentions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Contribution to the establishment of civic peace and disposing of humankind to ward fulfilling their civic duty After analyzing Hobbes’ studies, I believe that his intentions were also geared towards the establishment of civic peace and disposing of humankind toward fulfilling their civic duty. As such, he argues in the social contract theory that earlier philosophers with the exception of Machiavelli had failed because they founded their political philosophies on humankind’s ambitions. By opposing earlier philosophers’ thoughts, he was able to come up with a code that bonded and determined the purpose of the society. Hobbes argues that in the state of nature, institutions such as the government and the armed forces are not in existence. In this state, all individuals have equal needs. Despite the fact that some individuals are more powerful than others are, less powerful individuals can gang up to subdue the stronger individual. In addition, the state of nature allows individuals to have competing interests. Therefore, in the bid to preve nt conflicts from escalating, Hobbes urged economic and political organizations to use every means to ensure that the society is held together. For this to be achieved, the philosopher stated that the citizens must be ready to surrender equal rights as they expect other individuals to surrender. Equally, through this approach, the philosopher argued that citizens must be able to form a social contract. According to the philosopher, the social contract was not to be signed between the citizens and the elites but among the citizens. In the contract, citizens were to sign a contract accepting to be ruled by a centralized government. Through this approach, the minority was supposed to accept the majority decision. Based on the above analysis, it is apparent that Hobbes believed that without the state individuals would be at war with each other due to the differences of interests. Therefore, through his studies he aimed at illustrating to the masses the importance of civic peace. Notably , during his era the theory of social contract was underdeveloped. In this regard, I believe that the society then exhibited some of the traits he described in the state of nature. Therefore, due to the need to uphold civic peace he formulated the social contract theory. In general, Hobbes’ arguments about the state of nature affirm his intentions. In the sate on nature’s laws, the philosopher argues that everyone should seek peace with other individuals unless these individuals are not willing to make peace. I believe that through these arguments Hobbes was after instilling peace in his audience. In the first part of the law of nature, he argues that if individuals uphold the state of peace they will meet their yearning for self-preservation. However, it should be noted that peace could only be attained through the agreement of two or more parties. If the other parties refused to seek peace, the philosopher in the second part of the law of the state of nature argues t hat individuals are free to resort to violence.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More If people seek peace through the means argued above, it is apparent that they will ultimately be disposed towards fulfilling their civic rights. To escape the situations illustrated in the state of nature, individuals will be required to give up some of their liberties. These liberties may include liberty to steal, liberty to assault, and many more. Thereafter, social institutions will be required to enforce the social contract. By enforcing the social contract, these institutions will ensure that any individual who will go against the contract is punished in accordance with the existing laws. Since Hobbes envisioned these situations in his works, it is obvious that he intended that through his works human beings could be disposed toward fulfilling their civic rights. I believe that the governments and other social institutions have fulfilled Hobbes’ forecasts. As such, in the modern society we have submitted to be governed by the existing governments. This implies that as ci tizens we have signed a social contract with our fellow citizens to uphold peace for the benefit of everyone. Equally, I believe that citizens have several roles to play both in the government and in the civic life. These roles are categorized into social roles, economic roles, and political roles. By approving to play the above roles, we have all agreed to be governed by the existing states. In response, the governments have ensured that we all co-exist peacefully among ourselves by ensuring that any individual who compromises on the peaceful co-existence is charged accordingly. In conclusion, it should be noted that Hobbes’ contribution to philosophy is immense. He became the first philosopher to put moral and political philosophy onto scientific basis. Through this, he was able to substantiate his theories. Equally, I believe that compared to other philosophers Hobbes contributed most to the development of social contract theory, which is now exhibited in the social instit utions. To date, his theories are still applicable in our political systems. This implies that his intention of establishing civic peace and disposing of humankind toward fulfilling their civic duty has been achieved. Bibliography Morgan, Michael L.. Classics of moral and political theory. Indianapolis: Hackett Pub. Co., 1992 . Print. This essay on Philosophical Hobbes’ Intentions was written and submitted by user ScarletWitch to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Nation of Immigrants essays

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Women in the Renaissance Era

Women in the Renaissance Era Renaissance Humanism: The Feminine Voice The Renaissance Humanism, albeit a movement headed by males who agreed with the misogynist insights in ancient texts opened the door to the review of the misogynist tradition making it possible for the female humanists like Isotta Nogarola, Cassandra Fedele, Laura Cereta, and Olimpia Morata et al to write about the woman question, and thus changing the notion of Humanism from it earlier misogynist approach to re-evaluation of womens nature by putting household issues at the heart of academic concern and regenerating the relevant classical texts (Cereta, 1997). The triumph of women in Western Europe and the United States originates from a movement about six hundred years ago in the era of Renaissance. This was the time when the other voice, meaning the feminine voice, was first heard against the background of a three-thousand-year history of misogyny rooted in western culture, whether Hebrew, Greek, Roman or Christian. The hatred against women in these traditions suffused the intellec tual, medical, legal, religious and social systems that grew during the European Middle Ages. Concurrent with a general reformation of European culture in this early modern or Renaissance days (roughly during 1300 to 1700) issues related to female equality and opening emerged out that still echo and are still unanswered. This paper deals with the misogynistic tradition defeated by early modern Europeans and the new institution that suppressed the other voice called to defy the ruling theories and conjectures about women as lesser to the male in mind and body. The long-established Misogyny in European culture broke down to take to pieces when the modern period began hard task, no doubt. The progress started as part of a huge cultural movement involving a serious review of ideas received from the antiquated and medieval past—an attempt initiated by the humanists. The Renaissance, as the name suggests, was something new, according to some. The contenders hold that it fundamentally pursued medieval models revising them — an idea that gets more confused with the added fact that the Renaissance in Italy was at variance from the Renaissance in other places. The Renaissance started in Italy around 1300. The first and foremost name associated with this movement was Dante Alighieri, the deeply religious author of spiritual parables, a dedicated catholic who used academic philosophy and was often adverse to the political set-up of the Italian church. One can easily sense from his Divine Comedy that he basically belonged to the Middle Ages except that, as distinct most lofty intellectuals, he wrote mostly in Italian rather than Latin. After him comes the named of Giovanni Boccaccio in the fourteenth century, who wrote the extremely sensational Decameron, written in Italian too. Goeffrey Chaucer in England also wrote the lewd The Canterbury Tales , most likely, which like the Decameron, was a true account of how medieval people acted. But the classic successor of Dante was Francesco Petrarch who wrote both in Italian and Latin about secular themes, even though he was deeply religious often bothering that his secular writings were a diversion from mans only right goal, that is, deliverance (Stearns, 1977). Dante, Boccaccio, and Petrarch put very much in to the unearthing and safeguarding of classical works. Humanist values were powerfully articulate by another Italian scholar, Pico della Mirandola, in his Oration on the dignity of man. Hamlet’s well-known speech: â€Å"What a piece of work is a man? How noble in reason, how infinite in faculty, in form and moving how express and admirable, in action how like an angel, in apprehension how like a god—the beauty of the world, the paragon of animals!†is directly influenced Pico della Mirandola’s Oration on the Dignity of Man. The humanist movement was supplemented by the entry of Byzantine scholars to Italy after the collapse of Constantinople to the Turks in 1453 and also by the founding of the Platonic Academy in Florence. The academy established by the 15th-century Florentine statesman and sponsor of the arts Cosimo de Medici, revitalized Platonism and changing the literature, painting, and architecture of the period. The compilation and translation of classical texts among the higher clergy and nobles, the invention of printing with variable types around the mid-15th century gave fuelled humanism to progress more through the distribution of editions of the classics in Italy though literature and art, in central Europe through theology and education—a primary basis of the Reformation. One of the most significant scholars in humanism in France was the Dutch cleric Desiderius Erasmus, who also played crucial role to spread the movement into England, firstly at the University. By the middle of the 16th century humanism had won wide acceptance as an educational system. Oxford by classical scholars like William Grocyn (1446-1519) and Thomas Linacre, and at the University of Cambridge by Erasmus and the English prelate John Fisher (1459-1535) to ultimately all through English society thus making the way for the thriving of Elizabethan literature and culture (Witt, 1978). The Humanists reverence for the academic philosophy of medieval universities effected a literary flare-up consisting of works by both men and women, in Latin and in lingua francaworks detailing the attainments of prominent women, works confuting the main allegations made against women, works contending for the equal education of men and women, works labeling and reclassifying womens appropriate role in the family, at court, and in public and works depicting womens lives and experiences. The proto-feminism of these other voices represents an important aspect of the literary effects of the Renaissance. Around 1365, Boccaccio whose Corbaccio made the typical attacks against female nature wrote Concerning Famous Women, a humanist discourse based on classical texts eulogizing distinguished women from pagan Greek, Roman ancient times, and from the religious and cultural tradition since the olden times making all readers conscious of a sex usually damned or forgot ten. However, in it, Bocca ccios position was typically misogynist. The book only honored those women who maintained the conventional female â€Å"qualities† like virginity, quiet, and compliance. Socially active women, for example, sovereigns and fighters, were portrayed as enduring appalling penalties for infringing into male-domain. Even if Boccacio chose women as his theme, he maintained his male chauvinistic attitude although in the book. Christine de Pizans Book of the City of Ladies contains a second catalogue of famous women, as a reaction to Boccaccios. Where Boccaccio’s book shows feminine virtue as extraordinary, her book describes it as common. Many women in history were leaders, visionaries and valiant sufferers for a cause or stayed pure in spite of the lecherous advances from men. The work of Boccaccio enthused a run of such catalogues of famous women of the biblical, classical, Christian, and indigenous past: works by Alvaro de Luna, Jacopo Filippo Foresti , Brantà ´me, Pierre Le Moyne, PietroPaolo de Ribera (who recorded 845 names), and many others. Whatever prejudices these catalogues contained, these catalogues illustrated the public the prospect of female superiority. Yet simultaneously, questions surfaced: Could a woman be moral? Could she act strikingly? Could she be as equal as a man? These questions were argued over four centuries, in French, German, Italian, Spanish, and English, by male and female authors, among Catholics, Protestants, and Jews, in tedious volumes and gusty booklets, the debate being referre d as the querelle des femmes, the Woman Question. The opening torrent of this war took place in the first years of the fifteenth century, in a literary debate generated by Christine de Pizan. Humanism provided the materials for a positive counter concept to the misogyny embedded in scholastic philosophy and law, and inherited from the Greek, Roman, and Christian pasts. A series of humanist treatises on marriage and family, on education and deportment, and on the nature of women helped construct these new perspectives. There were, of course, views opinions by women that went against women’s emerging new roles, the works by Francesco Barbaro and Leon Battista Alberti, respectively On Marriage ( 1415) and On the Family ( 1434-37), reaffirmed womens duties to look after children and supervise house hold maintenance while being submissive, virtuous, and quiet. Even then, that served the purpose of pondering over the â€Å"question women† by placing household matters at the focus of academia and reviving the relevant classical texts. In addition, Barbaro stressed the importance of a wifes religious and rational virtues for the happiness of the family, topics that came back in later humanist works on marriage and the education of women by Juan Luis Vives and Erasmus who were fairly sensitive to the condition of women, without taking it too far. A more constructive stance towards women was seen in the virtually unknown work In Praise of Women (ca. 1487), a catalogue of famous women, by the Italian humanist Bartolommeo Goggio where he contended that male and female are essentially the same, and that women are in fact better. Almost similarly, the Italian humanist Mario Equicola stressed the sacred equality of men and women in On Women. An outlook more favorable to women characterizes the nearly unknown work In Praise of Women (ca. 1487) by the Italian humanist Bartolommeo Goggio. In addition to providing a catalogue of illustrious women, Goggio contended hat male and female are essentially the same and that women are in fact better. Similarly, the Italian humanist Mario Equicola stressed the divine equality of men and women in On Women ( 1501). In 1525, Galeazzo Flavio Capra (or Capella) published his work On the Excellence and Dignity of Women. This humanist tradition of discourses guarding the value of women ended in the wo rk of Henricus Cornelius Agrippa, On the Nobility and Preeminence of the Female Sex, an incomparable attempt by a male humanist to concisely or openly present the case for female self-respect. Works written on the womens question had an extra point in the sense that volumes of them were written by women. A woman writing was in herself a declaration of womens assertion to self-respect. Only a handful of women wrote anything before the the early modern era, for three reasonsfirst, they hardly ever had the culture that facilitated them to write, second, they were not let in to have public roles-as officer, civil servant, lawyer or attorney, university professor where they might attain information about matters worth writing about and lastly , the male-dominated culture suppressed the voice of women with the hidden social dictate that considered speaking her mind as a unchaste. Under such condition it was amazing for those who did write before the fourteenth century. Women writes mostly were nuns or spiritual women whose secluded life made their assertion more tolerable. From the fourteenth century on, the number increased rapidly, women went on writing devotional literature, even though not always as secluded nuns. They also wrote journals, often having it in mind as mementos for their children; guides to their children; letters to family members and friends; and family memoirs that could as well be considered as histories of some sorts. A few women wrote works directly related to the woman question, and some of these, were well trained. While women’s rights were a novel idea, educated women concentrated on another aspect of women, which is witch-hunting. There was a distinctive hostility against witches and a number of booklets and pamphlets on instructions to protect them against witches, who were considered essentially women. The most notorious witch-hunting manual was The Hammer of Witches ( 1486), by two Dominican inquisitors, Heinrich Krà ¤mer and Jacob Sprenger. Witches were often accused of exaggerated deeds as well as deceitful and lust-ridden. Hence, women were equated with the devil who held unholy powers. Of course, rational men, protested such opinion but the most believed in these. For example, the German Ulrich Molitur, the Frenchman Nicolas Rà ©my, the Italian Stefano Guazzo described sinister orgies with the devil and the celebrated French jurist, historian, and political philosopher Jean Bodin often suspended regular legal routine in order to try women charged with exceptional crime. Thus, the early Renaissance involved misogynists. Even when they followed new norms in all matters of society and philosophy, these did not include women. It was up to the women themselves to make their new rules. They formed their own literature and culture whiles the men, even rational otherwise, had distinctive hostility. But the women slowly broke down the barriers gradually as women who were otherwise cocooned within the arena of women began to write and express themselves. Yet, the Renaissance did help women to find their own voice. Even as they have faced new challenges over the years, they have continued to struggle to make their own place up to now. Bibliography Primary sources: Cereta, Laura. Collected Letters of a Renaissance Feminist. edited by Diana Robin. University Of Chicago Press. Chicago, 1997. dePizan, Christine. The Book of the City of Ladies. trans. Earl Jeffrey Richards; Foreword Marina Warner. New York. 1982 Thomson, Melissa (2005). Women of the Renaissance. Lucent Books. San Diego. Zophy, Jonathon W. A Short History of Renaissance and Reformation Europe: Dances over Fire and Water. Prentice Hall; 2 edition., 1998 Secondary sources: Elton, G. R. (1963). Renaissance and Reformation. 1300-1648. Hale, J.R. (1993-1995). The Civilization of Europe in the Renaissance. Simon andm Shuster. New York. Letts, Rosa Maria (1981). The Renaissance. Cambridge University Press. New York. Stearns , Peter N. The Face of Europe. Forum Press: St. Louis, MO, 1977. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet: edited by David Bevington: Bantam, 1988.

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Marriage in Pride and Prejudice

Marriage: The Foundation of Happiness or Misery In today’s world, 50 percent of marriages end in divorce. Although the other 50 percent of marriages don’t end in divorce, not all those marriages are considered an ideal marriage. The concept of an ideal marriage has changed as time has progressed. An ideal marriage in our time is a marriage based on love and family. Most societies have always had the same perspective of an ideal marriage during their time periods. However, in Jane Austen’ Pride and Prejudice, the author defies the view of the ideal marriage of her society by giving her own perspective on an ideal marriage.In the time period of Pride and Prejudice, society viewed ideal marriage as one based on financial stability and social equality. Although Jane Austen’s view of an ideal marriage includes financial and social stability, love was a major factor as well. In the novel, Jane Austen writes about suitable marriages and unsuitable marriages. Alth ough the marriages based on wealth and social class seems suitable through society’s eyes, Jane Austen suggests those marriages to be unsuitable because of their lack of love and happiness.In the novel, many of the marriages reflect society’s view of marriage as a business affair and these marriages are quite unsuitable. Although Mr. and Mrs. Bennet have been married for 23 years, there is no mutual affection between them. Mr. Bennet married Mrs. Bennet because he was â€Å"captivated by [her] youth and beauty†¦ he married a woman whose weak understanding and illiberal mind had very early in their marriage put an end to all real affection for her† (202). Mr. Bennet practically never communicates with his wife and when he does, he teases her for his own enjoyment.Their marriage was solely based on physical attraction which has now faded away. Both of these characters were mismatched in personality and in social class. However, this couple isn’t the on ly unsuitable marriage through Austen’s eyes. Mr. Collins and Charlotte are a couple that exhibits everything Jane Austen is against, which is a marriage solely based on financial and social security. Mr. Collins and Charlotte Lucas married each other just for their own personal gain. When Mr. Collins proposed, â€Å"Miss Lucas, accepted him solely from the pure and disinterested desire of an establishment† (106).Charlotte was 27 and single, her future didn’t look great so marrying Mr. Collins was the best thing that could have happened. She is now set â€Å"considering Mr. Collins’ character, connection and situation in life, [she was] convinced that [her] chance of happiness with him [was] as fair as most can boast on entering the marriage state† (109). Mr. and Mrs. Collins aren’t really a couple based on love and happiness which is what Jane Austen considered suitable. She marries a man who is richer and socially higher than her. Although Mr. and Mrs.Collins’ marriage was considered ideal by society, Jane Austen thought it to be unsuitable. Jane Austen’s ideal marriage is a marriage based on love and happiness but also the aspects of society’s ideal marriage which includes financial and social stability. Mr. Bingley and Jane Bennet and Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy all exhibit the qualities of marriage that are considered suitable by Jane Austen. Mr. Bingley is an extremely wealthy modest man who never judges anyone and Jane is a quiet gentle woman who never thinks badly of anyone.Both these characters are matched perfectly and are one of the rare couples in the novel who genuinely love each other though their love seems very superficial. Although Jane and Mr. Bingley exhibit an ideal marriage, their love has no depth. Mr. Bingley doesn’t seem to care about marrying a woman based on her social class or wealth. He believes love is more important than the match of social class in a marriag e. This is seen when Mr. Darcy convinces Mr. Bingley that Jane doesn’t actually love him and Bingley abandons Jane.Since love matters he doesn’t want to be with someone who doesn’t love him back. However, they had an instant connection: â€Å"it was generally evident whenever they met he did admire her; and to her it was equally evident that Jane was yielding to the preference which she had begun to entertain for him from the first, and was in a way to be very much in love†(16). They are both in love, both happy, and are both financially secure, exhibiting an ideal marriage for Jane Austen. However there was a couple that was more ideal through Jane Austen’s eyes.Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth Bennet epitomize the ideal marriage for Jane Austen. At first, Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth disliked each other and had no initial attraction towards one another. However, as the novel progresses, their attraction for each other grows and soon they fall in love. Elizabet h isn’t a woman who doesn’t want to marry just for financial security or to be higher within the social class. Her view of marriage is different than her friends; Elizabeth â€Å"had always felt that Charlotte’s opinion of matrimony was not exactly like er own, but she could not have supposed it possible that when called into action, she would have sacrificed every better feeling to worldly advantage† (110). Charlotte represents society’s view of marriage in her time period which regarded marriage as a business affair. However, Elizabeth is one of the few characters to believe that marriage is based on love. Mr. Darcy is the wealthiest man in the novel and with that kind of wealth, he could marry anyone.However, he chooses Elizabeth who is part of a lower class than him proving that he wants to marry Elizabeth because he is in love with her. Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth are both physically attractive, intelligent, and they both love each other dearly. T hey are the ideal couple in Jane Austen’s eyes. Jane Austen suggests the marriages that are based on social class and wealth to be unsuitable although they seem ideal through society’s eyes. Austen believed that a suitable marriage had to include love and happiness on top of financial security and social class.However, through society’s eyes â€Å"happiness in marriage [was] entirely a matter of chance† (18). Although in today’s world there are arranged marriages based on social class and wealth, most people in today’s society believe marriage to be based on a foundation of love which links back to Austen’s belief of marriage. Although Jane believed that a suitable marriage had to include love, financial security and physical attraction, today’s society believes a suitable marriage can be solely based on love for one another.

The Silver Linings Playbook Chapter 5

Got Nothin' but Love for Ya Dr. Patel's secretary turns off the radio as soon as she sees me walk into the waiting room, which makes me laugh because she tries to do it casually, as if I won't notice. She looks scared, turning the knob so gingerly – the way people do things after they have seen one of my episodes, as if I am no longer human, but some wild hulking animal. After a brief wait, I meet with Cliff for my second session, like I will every Friday for the foreseeable future. I pick brown this time, and we sit in his leather recliners among the clouds, talking about how much we like women and â€Å"kicking it like we do,† which is another one of Danny's sayings. Cliff asks me if I like my new meds, and I tell him I do, even though I really have not noticed any effects at all and have only taken about half the pills my mother gave me last week – hiding a few under my tongue and spitting them into the toilet when she leaves me alone. He asks me if I have experienced any unwanted side effects – shortness of breath, loss of appetite, drowsiness, suicidal feelings, homicidal feelings, loss of virility, anxiety, itchiness, diarrhea – and I tell him I haven't. â€Å"What about hallucinations?† he says, and then leans forward a little, squinting. â€Å"Hallucinations?† I ask. â€Å"Hallucinations.† I shrug, say I don't think I have hallucinated, and he tells me I would know if I had. â€Å"Tell your mother if you see anything bizarre or horrifying,† he says, â€Å"but don't worry, because you probably will not hallucinate. Only a very small percentage of people hallucinate while taking this combination of meds.† I nod and promise I will report any hallucinations to my mother, but I do not really believe I will hallucinate no matter what type of drugs he gives me, especially since I know he will not be giving me LSD or anything like that. I figure weaker people probably complain about their drugs, but I am not weak and can control my mind pretty well. I am in the basement doing shots of water, taking my three-minute break between crunches on the Stomach Master 6000 and leg lifts on the weight bench, when I smell the unmistakable buttery flavor of my mother's crabby snacks and I start to salivate unmercifully. Because I love crabby snacks, I leave the basement, enter the kitchen, and see that my mother is not only baking crabby snacks, which are buttered crabmeat and orange cheese on English muffins, but she is also making her homemade three-meats pizza – hamburger, sausage, and chicken – and those buffalo wings she gets from Big Foods. â€Å"Why are you cooking crabby snacks?† I ask hopefully, because I know from past experience that she only cooks crabby snacks when we are having company. Nikki loves crabby snacks and will eat a whole plate if you set it in front of her, and then she will complain later on the ride home, saying she is feeling fat because she has eaten too much. Back when I was emotionally abusive, I used to tell her that I did not want to hear her complaints every time she ate too much. But the next time Nikki eats too many crabby snacks, I am going to tell her she did not eat too much and that she looks too skinny anyway; I'll say she needs to gain a few pounds because I like my women looking like women and not like â€Å"Ms. Six O'Clock – straight up, straight down,† which is another term I learned from Danny. And I do hope my mother's making crabby snacks signifies that apart time is over because Nikki is on her way to my parents' house, which seems like the best coming-home surprise my mother could cook up – and as Mom is always trying to do nice things for me and my brother, I mentally prepare myself to be reunited with Nikki. My heart pounds at least fifty times during the few seconds it takes for my mother to answer my question. â€Å"The Eagles are playing the Steelers tonight in a preseason exhibition game,† my mother says, which is weird because Mom has always hated sports and barely knows that football season is in the fall, let alone what teams are playing on a given day. â€Å"Your brother is coming over to watch the game with you and your father.† My heart starts beating even faster because I have not seen my brother since shortly after apart time began, and like my father, he said some really awful things about Nikki the last time we talked. â€Å"Jake is looking forward to seeing you, and you know how much your father loves the Eagles. I can't wait to have all three of my men gathered around the couch again, just like old times.† My mother smiles at me so hard I think she is going to break out in tears again, so I turn around and go back into the basement to do knuckle push-ups until my pecs burn and I can no longer feel my knuckles. Knowing that I will probably not be allowed to go for my run later, because we are having a family night, I put on a trash bag and run early, passing my high school friends' homes; passing St. Joseph's, which is the Catholic church I used to attend; passing Collingswood High School (class of 89 rules!) and the house my grandparents used to own by the park before they died. My old best friend sees me when I run past his new house on Virginia Avenue. Ronnie is just getting home from work, walking from his car to his front door, when I pass him on the sidewalk. He looks me in the eyes, and after I have passed, he yells, â€Å"Pat Peoples? Is that you? Pat! Hey!† I run even harder, because my brother, Jake, is coming to talk to me; Jake does not believe in happy endings, and I do not have the emotional wherewithal to deal with Ronnie right now, because he never once came to visit Nikki and me in Baltimore, although he promised so many times. Nikki used to call Ronnie â€Å"whipped,† saying that his wife, Veronica, â€Å"keeps Ronnie's social calendar where she keeps his balls – in her purse.† Nikki told me that Ronnie would never visit me in Baltimore, and she was right. He never visited me in the bad place either, but he used to write me letters about how great his daughter, Emily, was and I guess is, although I have not yet met Emily to verify the letters. When I return home, Jake's car is there – a fancy silver BMW, which sort of implies that my brother is doing well now when it comes to â€Å"pockets getting fatter,† as Danny says. So I sneak in the back door and run up the steps to the shower. After I wash and put on clean clothes, I take a deep breath and follow the sound of conversation to the living room. Jake stands when he sees me. He has on fancy pants, lined with charcoal pinstripes, and a robin's-egg blue polo shirt that is formfitting enough to show that he is still pretty fit. He is also wearing a watch with diamonds all over the face, which Danny would call Jake's bling-bling. My brother's hair has thinned a little too, but his head is gelled and looks swanky. â€Å"Pat?† he says. â€Å"Didn't I say you wouldn't recognize him?† Mom says. â€Å"You look like Arnold Schwarzenegger.† He feels my bicep, which I absolutely hate because I don't like to be touched by anyone except Nikki. Since he's my brother, I don't say anything. â€Å"You're frickin' ripped,† he adds. I look at the floor, because I remember what he said about Nikki – I am still mad about that – and yet I am also happy to see my brother after not seeing him for what feels like forever. â€Å"Listen, Pat. I should have come to see you more in Baltimore, but those places freak me out and I †¦ I †¦ I just couldn't see you like that, okay? Are you mad at me?† I am sort of still mad at Jake, but suddenly I remember another one of Danny's lines that is too appropriate to leave unsaid, so I say, â€Å"Got nothin' but love for ya.† Jake looks at me for a second as if I had punched him in the gut. He blinks a few times almost as if he is going to cry, and then he hugs me with both arms. â€Å"I'm sorry,† he says, and holds me for longer than I like, which isn't very long – unless it's Nikki hugging me. When he lets go, Jake says, â€Å"I got a present for you.† He pulls an Eagles jersey out of a plastic bag and tosses it to me. I hold it up and see it's number 84, which I recognize as a wide receiver's number, but I do not know the name. Isn't that young receiver Freddie Mitchell number 84? I think but do not say, because I don't want to insult my brother, who was nice enough to buy me a present. â€Å"Who's Baskett?† I ask, which is the name on the jersey. â€Å"Undrafted rookie sensation Hank Baskett? He's the preseason story. These jerseys are hot on the streets of Philadelphia. And now you have one to wear to the games this year.† â€Å"Wear to the games?† â€Å"Now that you're home, you're gonna want your old seat back, right?† â€Å"At the Vet?† â€Å"The Vet?† Jake laughs and looks at my mother. My mother looks scared. â€Å"No – at Lincoln Financial Field.† â€Å"What's Lincoln Financial Field?† â€Å"Didn't they let you watch TV in that place? It's the home of the Eagles, the stadium your team's played three seasons in now.† I know Jake is lying to me, but I don't say anything. â€Å"Anyway, you got a seat right next to mine and Scott's. Season tickets, bro. Are you psyched, or what?† â€Å"I don't have any money for season tickets,† I say, because I let Nikki have the house and the cars and the bank accounts when apart time began. â€Å"I got your back.† Jake punches me in the arm. â€Å"I might not have been a good brother for the past few years, but I'm gonna make up for all that now that you're home.† I thank my brother, and then Mom starts crying again. She cries so hard that she has to leave the room, which is weird, since Jake and I are making up and season tickets to the Eagles are quite a nice present – not to mention the jersey. â€Å"Put on your Baskett jersey, bro.† I put it on, and it feels good to be wearing Eagles green, especially a jersey that Jake picked out special for me. â€Å"You wait and see how good your boy Baskett is going to be this year,† Jake says in a strange way, as if my future were somehow linked to the Eagles' rookie wide receiver – Hank Baskett.

Practice in Using the Present Perfect in English

Practice in Using the Present Perfect in English Once you understand how to form the past tense of regular verbs, you shouldnt find it difficult to use verbs in the present perfect. All youll need to add is an auxiliary verb (also known as a helping verb)has or have. Using Has and Have With Past Participles Coupled with the auxiliary verb has  or have, a past participle can serve as the main verb in a sentence. Compare these two sentences: Carla worked here for five years.Carla has worked here for five years. The first sentence is in the past tense: Carla once worked here but no longer does. The second sentence carries a different meaning: Carla still works here. We use has or have with a past participle to describe an action that started in the past and is (or may be) still going on. This construction is called the present perfect. The past participle form of a regular verb is identical to the past form: it always ends in -ed: Olga has promised to help me.Max and Olga have finished the race.We have tried to do our best. The auxiliary verbhas or havechanges to agree with its subject (see Correcting Errors in Subject-Verb Agreement), but the past participle itself does not change: Carla has worked here for five years.Carla and Fred have worked here for five years. Use the past tense to show a completed action. Use the present perfect (has or have plus the past participle) to show an action begun in the past but continuing up to the present. Exercise: Forming the Past Tense and the Present-Perfect Complete the second sentence in each set with the correct form of the verb in parentheses. Use either the past tense or the present perfect tense (has or have plus the past participle). The first sentence in each pair will help you decide which tense is needed in the second sentence. Mr. Baggins lives in the house next door. He (live) there for the past eight years.We are still raising money for the scholarship drive. So far we (raise) over $2,000.I have gained five pounds since I started my diet. At the same time, I (gain) a craving for Milky Way bars.I watched the Jon Stewart show last night. Then I (watch) David Lettermans program.I have called you several times this week. You (call) me once last spring.Jenny frequently uses the new word processor. Kyle not (use*) it once.Several years ago I stayed two weeks on a farm. I (stay) in the city ever since.Addie shouted in my ear. I turned and (shout) right back.Lu ordered one book from the club last year. He not (order*) anything since.I have never tried to raise chickens. Once I (try) to raise hogs. * The negatives not and never often go between the auxiliary verb and the past participle in the present-perfect tense. Answers has livedhave raisedhave gainedwatchedcalledhas not usedhave stayedshoutedhas not orderedtried

Country project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Country project - Essay Example According to our business strategies, Saudi Armco will produce an estimate of 8 barrels annually and manage over 100 oil and gas fields in Saudi Arabia (Tait). In addition, it has 300 trillion scfd of natural gas oil rich reserves estimated to have a yield of approximately 260 million barrels, hence explaining why it accounts to be the leading daily oil producer globally (Fernandez). Some of these prominent reserves embrace Ghawar and Shaybah, which are the world’s principal oil fields ever unveiled. In addition, Saudi Armco boasts of having the world’s largest hydrocarbon network, which is mainly the Master Gas system - MGS. MGS is a gas gathering and processing system built in 1975 that will enable Saudi Armco to sell all its gas products obtained during oil production as well as from gas reservoirs (Badr 1). The system will also become Saudi Arabia’s industrialization main resource ever since it can produce large amounts of natural gas on a daily basis. (Ferna ndez). In addition, Saudi Armco hosts several goals it ought to accomplish like producing about 10% of energy consumed globally on daily basis (Zuhur 149). To maintain its petroleum production capacity, Saudi Armco will constantly involve itself in varied investments with the intention of heightening its good publicity, be the most reliable energy producer and a global supplier. All the company’s activities will encompass exploring, refining, chemical processes, distribution, marketing and production, which will all be exclusively under supervision of Ministry of petroleum and mineral resources in conjunction with the supreme council for petroleum and minerals. Initially, Saudi Armco’s plans were to use Cray supercomputers in its EXPEC computer centre (ECC) in aid to process large quantities of data from exploration (Badr 2). However, plans are underway to ensure we integrate a new supercomputing system with a storage capacity of 1050 terabytes to enable it support maj or explorations in the Red sea region. Currently, Saudi Armco owns five domestic refineries in Saudi Arabia, which will be primarily for availing adequate oil products to the local market. In addition, together with other stakeholders, the enterprise expects to buy a half of each of the two existing in-kingdom refineries located at Yanbu and Jubail. According to our objectives, apart from marketing crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas together with liquids, Saudi Armco will also export crude oil to other global regions using tankers. The Company will also actively participate in the fight against environmental degradation like air and water pollution. For instance, the management board has already rolled out Saudi Armco’s environmental plan incorporating all intended departmental branches (Badr 2). In this context, Saudi Armco will be able to play a major role in advocating for technological solutions to environmental issues not only now but also in the future. Conse quently, this will prompt the company to maintain all its projects while under in operation aim at minimizing their environmental pollution by use of high classic technological knowhow (Badr 3). Part 2 Saudi Arabia Physical and demographic environment Advantages to business Most oil and gas reservoirs explored by Saudi Armco their respective locations are in Saudi Arabia. This is a great advantage to the enterprise because it does not incur costs of transporting raw materials to the refineries before shipped to varied

Civil War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Civil War - Essay Example The sovereignty they believed was their right was constantly threatened in the period leading up to the Civil War as the balance of power moved from the Southern States to the Northern. It was felt that these States were being eroded as their ability to self-determine slowly changed. Particularly the Northern States’ greater voting power was questioned by Southern leaders such as John Calhoun, who advocated secession from the Union if certain issues were not resolved. He argued that the Union could eventually only be held together by the superior numbers, and the superior wealth of the Northern States as they forced the South to remain in the Union (Calhoun, 1850). It was particularly in the Nullification ordinances that the South expressed resistance to Northern dominance. For example in 1828, a Tariff was imposed on foreign imports by the Federal Government. The Southern States argued that this tariff was intended to favor domestic manufacturers and only certain foreign manufacturers, primarily based on Northern business interests. In fact, it was felt that the Tariff of 1928 â€Å"exceeded its just powers †¦ and †¦ the true meaning and intent of the Constitution† (Calhoun, 1832, & The Constitution of the United States of America Overview, 2012). Thus Ordinances of Nullification were published by the Southern States (for example the South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification) declaring that this and other federal laws would not be honored by these States. The North’s response can be summarized in the words of President Andrew Jackson, that United States laws are â€Å"paramount to State constitutions and laws†. (Jackson, 1932) Similarly, slavery was threatened, and consequently so was the way of life, economic prosperity and a perceived equality with all the States in the Union in the Southern States. As world opinion moved against Slavery, so too did the dominant political opinion among the Northern States. For Southern